So much has been said about peace in the Middle East that it seems senseless to attempt to add more words to what appears to be a hopeless situation. However, the recent outburst of efforts by citizens of many Middle East countries to have a voice in how they are governed makes it imperative that those who watch these events unfold, have a clear knowledge of the history of the Israeli and Palestinian peace process so they can understand how the outcome in these countries can and probably will effect Israel.
I believe that there exists, in the hearts of many Jews and Palestinians, a sincere longing for peace. I truly believe that Israel and its people want peace with its neighbors. It just needs a trustworthy partner to accomplish this goal and currently, I do not believe it has one and therein lies the problem.
As early as 1917 England’s Balfour Declaration called for the formation of a Jewish homeland while also stating that “nothing shall be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine”. Arab leaders rejected this British attempt to come to the aid of Jews all over the world and began a series of riots that led to the death of many Jews.
Then in 1936, The Palestine Royal Commission, better known as the Peel Commission in England was formed to find a solution to the Arab revolts in Palestine and recommended a partition of Jews and Arabs into two states. The Commission’s report on partition of the land was accepted by the Zionist Congress but rejected by the Arabs who continued their hostilities towards Jews living in Palestine.
Following decades of deadly confrontations between Jews and Arabs and British reluctance to continue attempting to rule over Palestine captured during World War I, England asked the United Nations to find a solution. On November 29, 1947 the United Nations voted to divide the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River and give Jews one portion and Arabs another.
Israel, despite a strong desire to have a different map drawn up by the international community, accepted this partition as its people longed for a home where they could live in peace and acceptance. The Holocaust of World War II resulted in the death of 6 million Jews and many survivors had no place to go. A Jewish homeland was desparetly needed. The Arabs, however, did not accept the United Nations decree and when, on May 14, 1948, Israel declared itself, the State of Israel, Arab nations declared war on this nascent nation. In what could be termed a modern biblical event, the small army of Israelis defeated the armies of surrounding Arab nations. Israel had wanted peace but their neighbors did not.
Interestingly, during the years between 1948 and 1967, no steps were taken to create a Palestinian state when the West Bank and eastern Jerusalem were in Jordanian hands and the Gaza Strip was ruled by Egypt. What did happen, however, was that hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugess were not resettled in the 22 Arab nations but instead kept in refugee camps that incubated hatred and garnered world sympathy.
In early June of 1967, the Arab world threatened to destroy Israel once again with Israel fighting back, in what could also be called a story of biblical proportions, defeating its surrounding enemies in just 6 days despite the fact that the entire world stood at the sidelines. At the conclusion of this war, Israel stretched out its hand for peace once again, yet the answer given by Arabs was clear. When Israel accepted the United Nation’s Security Council Resolution 24 calling for an exchange of land for peace following the six day war, the Arabs issued their infamous three no’s: “No peace, no negotiation, no recognition”. Even in defeat, Arabs would not accept Israel as a neighbor.
On October 6, 1973 Arab nations attempted once more to destroy Israel in what was called the Yom Kippur War and once again were defeated by the Israeli army. This war came close to an Israeli defeat but gave Egypt a way to resolve its conflict with Israel over the Sinai. At the Camp David Accord in 1979 a peace accord was signed between Israel and Egypt following which the Israeli army removed Israeli settlers living in the Sinai. Here was proof that if an Arab nation wanted peace with Israel, it could have it and while the peace between Egypt and Israel is called a “cold peace”, it is a peace that at least so far has withstood the test of time. How this new situation in Egypt will unfold is not known, however, it is reasonable to assume that it if a new Egyptian government is led by the Muslim Brotherhood, it may void this historic and long lasting peace agreement and place Israel in an extremely difficult situation.
Another such example of Israel’s desire to attain a peace is seen in the October, 1994 treaty signed with Jordan. With the King of Jordan wanting to make peace with Israel, such a treaty was signed and this is a peace that has lasted to the present time. While Jordan is undergoing an element of turmoil, it is not as volatile as what has happened in Egypt. One cannot, however, assume that a call for an end to the Israeli Jordanian peace treaty will not someday occur, especially if Jordan falls into radical hands. Israel also has in the past expressed a desire to establish peace with its other neighbors, Syria, Lebanon and the territories of the West Bank and Gaza. Unfortunately, these attempts at peace have not been reciprical. When Israel unilaterally withdrew from southern Lebanon in May of 2000, Hezbollah terriorists, supported by Iran, moved into the territory and began beligerent activity towards Israel from its newly acquired bases.
One of the most emblematic examples of Israel’s lack of a trustworthy partner with which to fashion peace came at the July 11-25, 2000 Camp David Summit. Prime Minister Ehud Barak with President Bill Clinton’s support, offered Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman all that Arabs had been asking for. With his Israeli cabinet’s approval, Barak, made an offer to turn over all of the Gaza Strip and 95% of the West Bank (with appropriate land swaps for the remaining 5% to allow for the over 200,000 Israelis living on the edge of the West Bank near Jerusalem). Barak also offered the Palestinians East Jerusalem for its capital along with control of the Temple Mount and also offered to accept some of the Palestinian refugees on humanitarian and family unification grounds to return to Israel along with $30 billion in compensation for those who chose not to return. Barak agreed to dismantle settlements inside the West Bank that was to belong to the Palestinian State. Incredibly, Arafat did not accept these generous and never before offered proposals nor did he offer a counter proposal. He merely left Camp David and began the second intifada which resulted in the death of more than 500 Israelis and the wounding of more than 8,000.
Attempting to secure peace, Israel unilaterally withdrew from all of the Gaza Strip in 2005 and used its Army to remove Israeli settlers from their homes dismantling 21 Israeli settlements and uprooting 8,800 Jewish settlers. In response to this peaceful gesture, Hamas, supported by Iran, destroyed all that Israel had built during its stay and began raining bombs down on Israel cities making life untenable for many Israeli citizens. What more proof is needed to understand that Israel does not have a real partner for peace?
In addition to these attempts to live in peace, Israel has participated in a number of other peace talks since 1967 including the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference, the 1995 Wye River Memorandum, the 1993 and 1995 Oslo Peace talks, the 2001 Taba talks, the 2003 Geneva Accord and the 2007 Annapolis agreement which dealt with President George Bush’s road map to peace, all of which did not lead to peace, only more Arab threats and terrorism.
It has been said that if Hamas and Hezbollah laid down its weapons, there would be peace in the Middle East and if Israel laid down its weapons, there would be no Israel. It seems that giving up a piece of land does not result in a peace for Israel.
Now the world believes that peace may be possible because Mahmoud Abbas, head of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, seems to wants peace. However, the proposed Palestinian State is more than just the West Bank. It also includes the Gaza Strip where 1.5 million Palestinians reside and which is not controlled by the Palestinian Authority but by Hamas which has vowed never to accept peace with Israel, vows its destruction and teaches its children hatred for Israel. With whom then is Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to negotiate? Even when he asked Abbas to state openly that Palestinians recognize Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people, Abbas refused to do so despite the fact that Netanyahu has agreed to recognize a future Palestinian state as the nation-state of the Palestinians.
It would appear with all these facts that peace in the Middle East is impossible to visualize. Yet for all of us who yearn for peace, we should be willing to accept that if the Palestinian people now residing in the Gaza Strip and in the West Bank truly want a real peace, they will need to unify their governments so as to speak with one voice, accept Israel as the nation of the Jewish people and declare an end to a vow of Israel’s destruction. Palestinians will also need to stop teaching its children hatred of Jews.
It is important to point out that these conditions must be based on a permanent peace and not merely a “hudna”. Hudna is an Arabic term meaning a temporary truce or calm that is declared so as to buy time to become strong enough to destroy an enemy. According to tradition hudnas made with a non Muslim enemy should be limited to no more than 10 years. It is not a genuine peace but a tool used for time to rearm and prepare once more for war. This peace process between the Palestinians and the Israelis must be real and genuine, stand the test of time and represent a true commitment to live together in peace. It is also a peace that needs to be accepted and supported by the world community.
If this were to happen, I believe that the majority of those who live in Israel as well as Jews everywhere would make some of the difficult choices that Ehud Barak made at the Camp David talks with Yasser Arafat. Show Israel that kind of change of heart and peace may finally be realized.
Prime Minister Netanyahu addressing the UN General Assembly before the recent Middle East uprising said it well. “All of Israel wants peace. Any time an Arab leader genuinely wanted peace with us, we made peace. We made peace with Egypt led by Anwar Sadat. We made peace with Jordan led by King Hussein. And if the Palestinians truly want peace, I and my government, and the people of Israel, will make peace. But we want a genuine peace, a defensible peace, a permanent peace. We ask the Palestinians to finally do what they have refused to do for 62 years: Say yes to a Jewish state. Just as we are asked to recognize a nation-state for the Palestinian people, the Palestinians must be asked to recognize the nation state of the Jewish people.”
Let us hope and pray that this day will someday come.
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